提起岭南画派,多数人都将以高剑父、高奇峰作为代表的画家定义为这一画派的创始人,并不吝辞将他们的艺术成就及对后世的影响普及推广。然而,若要更早地追溯二人的艺术形成,他们的启蒙老师居廉是不能被忽视的重要人物。
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居廉:(1828-1904),字士刚,号古泉,别号隔山樵子、隔山老人、罗浮道人,清末画家与美术教育家。番禺(今广州)人。居巢之弟。他是中国近代岭南地区着名的国画画家,擅画花鸟、草虫及人物,尤以写生见长。传世作品有《花卉草虫图》、《富贵白头图》、《二十四番花信图》等。
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居廉,出生在1828年的广州。他是岭南画派的发端人物,也是一位创作丰富的画家。他开创了“撞粉、撞水”的绘画技法,不论是花鸟还是山水画都有撞的味道,在他的花鸟作品中,对花、叶子、树枝、石头等植物,都运用了这种技法。
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例如《芙蓉双栖》中,居廉在画叶子、花时都运用了撞水、撞粉的技法;在《月季画眉》中,居廉不仅在画树枝、花时运用了“撞”的技法,在画石头时也用了“撞”的技法,这增强了石头的层次感和色彩的冷暖关系,颜色薄但不是厚度。
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1848年,也就是道光二十八年,居廉跟随从兄居巢去广西的张敬修幕府,闲时他会教人画画。在8年后他要离开时,其弟子作了诗词画册《漓江送别》送给他。
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1865年,也就是同治四年,居廉在隔山十香园开馆正式收徒。到1887年,符翕在《居古泉先生六秩寿序》中提到居廉在这22年中一共教授了30多名弟子,这反映的是他早年教徒的情况。在此后数年,居廉又培养了一大批优秀的人才,包括后来一些在岭南画坛赫赫有名的人物。
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居廉的祖籍在江浙一带,也许正是因为如此,他特别敬仰宋光宝和孟觐乙,常常模仿他们的作品,并在不断的临摹过程中掌握了“没骨法”的精髓,形成了清丽工致的写生派。
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他描绘过古代文人常画的梅、兰、竹、菊、牡丹等,也画过前人没有画过的椰子、粽子、牛等生活题材的作品。他笔下的昆虫形象真实生动,更具有戏剧性的冲突,形象逼真、栩栩如生。
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国画的学习,从古到今一般都离不开三个程序:临摹、写生、创作。居廉开馆教徒,来学习的人有很多,这完全不同于古代美术教育的皇家机构。他的学生来自各个阶层,有富可敌国的十三行行商后裔伍德彝、有小有名气的茶商陈芬、还有12岁父母双亡的容祖椿和交不起学费的高剑父等人。
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画品如人品历来是士大夫所议论的。高剑父曾回忆说,居廉在张敬修幕府时,城门马上要被攻破,张敬修让居廉先行离开,居廉视他为知己效死不去,由此可见居廉身上的士大夫气节。
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也因此,他的弟子都有很强的社会责任感,在国难面前不停的为政治革命奔走呼号。据岭南着名学者冼玉清女士说,清末民国初,任教于广州各大学校的图画教员多数是居廉的学生。
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居廉教徒数十年,学生众多,从他到高剑父,又从高剑父到黎雄才,正是他们勾勒出了中国画教学迈向现代化的进程,无论是教学的对象、课程的设置、还是个性的强调等,现代性美术教育均由居廉发端,由此可见居廉于现代国画教学的功不可没。
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